B.Com. Objectives of Course

Sr. No.	Title of the Course & Code	Objective of the Course
1	Financial Accounting BC 1.1	To provide a solid foundation in the theoretical framework and principles of accounting, enabling students to understand and apply accounting concepts, standards, and practices in financial reporting. To equip students with practical skills in computerized accounting systems for maintaining and generating accurate financial records and reports using popular accounting software.
2	Business Organisation and Management BC 1.2	To provide a comprehensive understanding of the foundational aspects of Indian business, including various forms of business enterprises, government policies, and emerging business opportunities in areas such as franchising, outsourcing, and e-commerce. To develop students' knowledge of key management principles, leadership, motivation, and functional areas such as marketing, finance, and human resource management, enabling them to apply these concepts in real-world business scenarios.
3	Business Law BC 1.3	To provide students with a thorough understanding of the key principles and provisions of various business laws in India, including the Indian Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instruments Act, and Partnership laws, enabling them to apply legal concepts in real-world business transactions.
4	Business Statistics and Mathematics BC 1.4	To provide students with a solid foundation in statistical methods, including uni-variate and bi-variate analysis, index numbers, and time series analysis, enabling them to analyze and interpret data effectively in business contexts. To equip students with practical knowledge of business mathematics, including matrices and financial mathematics, for solving real-world business and economic problems, such as interest calculations and financial decision-making.
5	Company Law BC 2.1	To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of company law, including the formation, management, and legal framework governing companies, while familiarizing them with key concepts such as the roles of directors, corporate governance, and company meetings. To equip students with knowledge of legal provisions related to company audits, dividends, winding up, insider trading, and whistleblowing, enabling them to understand and navigate the legal aspects of corporate administration and compliance.
6	Income Tax Law and Practice BC 2.2	To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts and provisions of income tax law, including the computation of income under different heads and the determination of tax liability for individuals and firms. To equip students with practical knowledge of filing income tax returns, both manually and online, and understanding key deductions, exemptions, and legal provisions to ensure compliance with tax regulations.
7	Computer Applications in Business BC 2.3	To equip students with practical skills in word processing, presentation creation, and spreadsheet management, enabling them to effectively handle business documents, reports, and presentations using software tools.
8	Corporate Accounting BC 2.4	To provide students with a deep understanding of the accounting processes related to share capital, debentures, and corporate financial statements, including the preparation of profit and loss accounts, balance sheets, and the valuation of goodwill and shares. To equip students with knowledge and skills in advanced accounting topics such as the amalgamation of companies, holding company accounts, banking company accounts, and the preparation of cash flow statements in compliance with relevant Indian Accounting Standards.
9	Cost Accounting BC 2.5	To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of cost accounting principles, concepts, and classifications, enabling them to analyze and control costs effectively in various business operations. To equip students with practical knowledge of different costing methods, including job, contract, and process costing, as well as the ability to reconcile cost and financial accounts for better financial management.
10	E-Commerce BC 2.6	To provide students with an understanding of the fundamental concepts, technologies, and business models involved in e-commerce, including the development and management of e-commerce websites and platforms. To equip students with knowledge of security measures, legal frameworks (such as the IT Act 2000), and e-payment systems, preparing them to handle the risks and operations involved in conducting online business transactions.
11	Human Resource Management BC 3.1(a)	To provide students with a thorough understanding of Human Resource Management (HRM) principles, including the functions, roles, and challenges faced by HR managers in areas like recruitment, training, and performance management. To equip students with practical knowledge of HR processes such as employee compensation, welfare, and dispute resolution, enabling them to effectively manage workforce-related issues in organizations.
12	Principles of Marketing BC 3.1 (b)	To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the core concepts of marketing, including the marketing mix, consumer behavior, market segmentation, and the factors influencing marketing strategies in various environments. To equip students with practical knowledge of modern marketing tools and techniques, such as pricing strategies, distribution channels, promotion methods, and recent developments like social, online, and green marketing.
13	Fundamentals of Financial Management BC 3.1 (c)	To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of financial management concepts, including the time value of money, risk and return, and the valuation of securities, enabling them to make informed investment and financing decisions. To equip students with practical knowledge of corporate financial decisions, such as capital budgeting, cost of capital, leverage, dividend policies, and working capital management, to optimize financial performance and corporate valuation.
14	Corporate Governance and Auditing BC 3.2 (a)	To help students understand the basics of corporate governance, CSR, and business ethics, focusing on laws, standards, and ethical practices that guide companies. To teach students the principles and methods of auditing, including how to audit companies, check internal controls, and conduct special audits like cost and tax audits.
15	GST BC 3.2 (b)	To understand the fundamental principles and structure of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, including its background, features, benefits, and integration into the existing tax system. To gain practical knowledge on managing GST-related tasks, such as calculating and claiming Input Tax Credit, filing GST returns, handling tax invoices, and understanding GST charges and registration.
16	Entrepreneurship BC 3.3	To understand different forms of entrepreneurship and their impact on addressing societal challenges and driving innovation. To develop practical skills for creating a business plan, securing financing, managing resources, and utilizing support systems to effectively start and sustain a business.
17	Economy of Himachal Pradesh ECONA 313	Equip students with a comprehensive understanding of Himachal Pradesh’s economic structure, including its resource endowment, key sectors (agriculture, industry, power), and the impact of state policies on economic development and human welfare. Enable students to critically evaluate government policies and development programs in agriculture, industry, and infrastructure, and assess their effectiveness in fostering sustainable economic growth and improving the quality of life in Himachal Pradesh.
18	Corporate Tax Planning BC 3.5 (a)	Enable students to develop a thorough understanding of tax planning strategies and their application to various business scenarios, including startup decisions, financial management, and specific management choices. Equip students with the knowledge of special tax provisions, including those related to non-residents and business restructuring, to effectively navigate complex tax regulations and optimize tax liabilities for different business structures and transactions.
19	Banking and Insurance BC 3.5(b)	Provide students with a comprehensive understanding of banking fundamentals, including the history, types, and services of banks, as well as the principles and practices of lending, to effectively navigate the banking sector. Equip students with knowledge of modern banking technologies and insurance concepts, including internet banking, digital payments, and various types of insurance, to understand and utilize financial products and services in contemporary financial environments.
20	Management Accounting BC 3.5 (c)	Equip students with the skills to analyze and interpret financial statements using various techniques, such as ratio analysis and trend analysis, to support effective cost control, budgeting, and decision-making processes.
21	Computerized Accounting System BC 3.5 (d)	Develop the skills to design and implement computerized accounting systems using a database management system (DBMS) and generic software, including creating forms, ledgers, trial balances, and reports to streamline accounting processes.
22	International Business BC 3.6(a)	Understand the key concepts, theories, and environment of international business, including globalization, modes of entry, and the impact of economic, cultural, and political-legal factors on international trade. Gain insights into the operational structure and strategic issues of international business, including regional economic cooperation, international financial systems, trade promotion measures, and financing mechanisms for foreign trade.
23	Office Management and Secretarial Practice BC 3.6(b)	Understand the core functions and responsibilities of office management, including effective filing, indexing, mail handling, and use of office forms and stationery, to enhance organizational efficiency and communication. Gain proficiency in modern office equipment and technology, including budgeting, auditing, and banking procedures, while also mastering the role and responsibilities of a personal secretary in managing office communications and administrative tasks.
24	Fundamentals of Investment BC 3.6(c)	Explore the investment environment, including types of investments, market participants, and the impact of taxes and inflation on returns, to understand the investment decision process and the dynamics of financial markets. Analyze fixed income securities, equity analysis approaches, portfolio management, and investor protection mechanisms to gain comprehensive insights into investment strategies, risk management, and regulatory frameworks.
25	Consumer Protection BC 3.6(d)	To familiarize the students with of their rights as a consumer, the social framework of consumer rights and legal framework of protecting consumer rights. It also provides an understanding of the procedure of redress of consumer complaints, and the role of different agencies in establishing product and service standards. The student should be able to comprehend the business firms’ interface with consumers and the consumer related regulatory and business environment.
26	Personal Selling and Salesmanship BC 3.7	Understand the fundamentals of personal selling, including its importance, common myths, and career opportunities, to develop effective selling skills and distinguish between personal selling, salesmanship, and sales management. Master the selling process and sales reporting by learning the stages of selling, handling objections, and creating various sales documents and reports to enhance sales effectiveness and ethical practices.
27	Indian Economy ECONA 314	Analyze the historical and current economic landscape of India, including the effects of colonization, post-independence policies, and economic reforms, while understanding the role of NITI Aayog. Evaluate key economic challenges in India, such as poverty, inequality, unemployment, and food security, and assess the effectiveness of related policies and programs.

Course Outcome

Sr. No.	Title of the Course & Code	Course Outcome
1	Financial Accounting BC 1.1	Understanding of Accounting Principles: Gain a solid foundation in accounting concepts, conventions, and the qualitative characteristics of financial information for effective decision-making. Proficiency in the Accounting Process: Develop the ability to record business transactions and prepare essential financial statements like trial balances and final accounts. Knowledge of Accounting Standards: Familiarize with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to ensure compliance with global and national financial reporting norms. Specialized Accounting Skills: Acquire expertise in handling accounting for hire-purchase, instalment systems, joint ventures, consignment, and the dissolution of partnership firms. Practical Application of Computerized Accounting: Gain hands-on experience with computerized accounting systems, including creating and managing ledgers, stock items, and generating financial reports.
2	Business Organisation and Management BC 1.2	Understanding of India’s Business Environment: Gain insights into the manufacturing and service sectors, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and government policies affecting these areas. Learn about India’s experience with liberalization, globalization, and initiatives like the 'Make in India' movement. Knowledge of Business Forms and International Business: Understand various forms of business organizations, including sole proprietorship, partnerships, LLPs, and joint-stock companies, as well as the role of multinational corporations and public enterprises. Mastery of Management Processes: Develop a strong foundation in management practices, including planning, decision-making, strategy formulation, and Indian management philosophies based on the Gita and Gandhian principles. Leadership, Motivation, and Communication Skills: Learn different leadership styles and theories, motivational concepts like Maslow’s Need Hierarchy and Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, and effective communication strategies to overcome barriers. Competency in Functional Areas of Management: Gain an understanding of key functional areas such as marketing, financial management, and human resource management, along with a solid grasp of India’s securities markets and the role of SEBI.
3	Business Law BC 1.3	Understanding of General Principles of Contract Law: Gain comprehensive knowledge of the essentials of a valid contract, including offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, and free consent, and learn about void agreements, contract discharge, breaches, and remedies. Familiarity with Specific Contracts: Develop a solid understanding of indemnity, guarantee, bailment, and agency contracts, including their rights, obligations, and practical applications in business transactions. Proficiency in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Understand the principles governing contracts of sale, including conditions, warranties, transfer of ownership, performance of the contract, and the rights of unpaid sellers. Knowledge of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: Learn the characteristics and types of negotiable instruments such as promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques, and understand important concepts like endorsement, holder in due course, and cheque crossing. Understanding of Partnership and LLP Laws: Acquire insights into the Partnership Act, 1932, and Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act, 2008, focusing on the nature, rights, and duties of partners, partnership registration, and the key differences between LLPs, partnerships, and companies.
4	Business Statistics and Mathematics BC 1.4	Data Analysis Skills: Learn how to collect, organize, and present data. Understand different ways to find averages (mean, median, mode) and how to measure data spread (variance, standard deviation). Correlation and Regression: Understand how to measure and interpret the relationship between two variables. Learn to use correlation and regression to make predictions. Index Numbers: Learn what index numbers are, how to create them, and how to use them to measure changes in prices and other economic indicators. Time Series Analysis: Understand how to analyze data over time to identify trends and patterns using moving averages and trend lines. Basic Business Mathematics: Learn about matrices and their use in solving business problems, and understand basic finance concepts like simple and compound interest and different types of interest rates.
5	Company Law BC 2.1	Mastery of Corporate Legal Framework: Students will become proficient in understanding the structure and administration of company law, including the functioning of tribunals, the process of company formation, and the different types of companies recognized under law. Expertise in Corporate Documentation and Procedures: Students will gain in-depth knowledge of crucial corporate documents like the Memorandum and Articles of Association, learn the principles of prospectus issuance, and understand key processes like share allotment, buybacks, and bonus issues. Understanding of Corporate Governance and Leadership: Students will learn the various classifications, roles, and responsibilities of directors and key managerial personnel, along with the legal requirements for board and shareholder meetings, fostering sound corporate governance practices. Ability to Ensure Financial and Regulatory Compliance: Students will develop the skills to ensure companies comply with laws regarding dividend distribution, financial record-keeping, and auditing, with particular emphasis on auditor roles and corporate accountability mechanisms. Critical Awareness of Corporate Ethics and Accountability: Students will understand the legal concepts surrounding company winding-up processes, insider trading regulations, and whistle-blower mechanisms, equipping them to promote transparency and ethical behaviour in corporate environments.
6	Income Tax Law and Practice BC 2.2	Understanding Key Taxation Concepts: Students will develop a solid understanding of essential taxation concepts such as income, agricultural income, assessee, assessment year, gross total income, and the criteria for determining residential status and its impact on the scope of total income. Computation of Income Across Different Heads: Students will learn how to compute income under various heads, including salaries, house property, business or profession, capital gains, and other sources, equipping them with the skills needed for accurate income assessment. Expertise in Tax Liability Calculation: Students will be proficient in calculating total income and tax liability for individuals and firms by understanding the inclusion of income from other persons, aggregation, set-off and carry forward of losses, as well as applying deductions, rebates, and reliefs. Application of Taxation Laws and Case Studies: Students will analyze and understand the application of taxation laws through the study of five landmark Supreme Court cases, enhancing their ability to interpret legal rulings and their implications on tax matters. Preparation and Filing of Tax Returns: Students will acquire the practical skills required to prepare and file income tax returns, both manually and online, while adhering to compulsory online filing procedures for specified assesses, ensuring compliance with current tax regulations.
7	Computer Applications in Business BC 2.3	To equip students with practical skills in word processing, presentation creation, and spreadsheet management, enabling them to effectively handle business documents, reports, and presentations using software tools. Ability to Create Professional Presentations: Students will learn how to create dynamic business presentations by effectively utilizing tools such as slides, transitions, animations, tables, and media, helping them deliver visually engaging and well-structured presentations. Competence in Spreadsheet Management: Students will gain expertise in managing and formatting spreadsheets, handling formulas, creating charts, and performing essential data analysis functions, facilitating better organization and presentation of business data. Application of Advanced Spreadsheet Functions: Students will become proficient in applying advanced spreadsheet functions, such as mathematical, statistical, financial, and logical functions, allowing them to solve complex business problems like capital budgeting, ratio analysis, and payroll management. Development of Business Solutions: Students will learn to create business-specific documents and spreadsheets, including loan statements, depreciation schedules, and statistical analyses, equipping them with practical skills to support decision-making in real-world business scenarios.
8	Corporate Accounting BC 2.4	Understanding Share Capital and Debenture Accounting: Students will gain comprehensive knowledge of the processes involved in issuing, forfeiting, and reissuing shares, as well as handling rights and bonus shares, buybacks, and the issue and redemption of both preference shares and debentures. Proficiency in Corporate Financial Statements: Students will be able to prepare profit and loss accounts and balance sheets for corporate entities, understanding the disposal of company profits and applying basic principles for valuing goodwill and shares. Expertise in Amalgamation and Internal Reconstruction: Students will learn the accounting treatments for company amalgamations as per Accounting Standard 14 (ICAI) and understand the principles of internal reconstruction, ensuring accurate financial reporting during company restructuring. Skill in Accounting for Holding Companies: Students will acquire the ability to prepare consolidated balance sheets for holding companies with subsidiaries, adhering to the guidelines set by Accounting Standard 21 (ICAI). Knowledge of Banking Accounts and Cash Flow Statements: Students will develop an understanding of the unique aspects of banking company financial statements, including prudential norms and non-performing assets (NPA), and will be proficient in preparing cash flow statements according to Indian Accounting Standard (Ind-AS) 7.
9	Cost Accounting BC 2.5	Understanding the Fundamentals of Cost Accounting: Students will gain a solid foundation in the meaning, objectives, and advantages of cost accounting, including its relationship with financial accounting and the classification of various cost concepts and elements. Proficiency in Material and Inventory Control: Students will learn techniques for controlling materials and inventory, including the pricing methods of material issues like FIFO, LIFO, and others, while understanding how to account for and treat material losses. Expertise in Labour Cost Accounting: Students will understand the accounting and control of labour costs, including timekeeping, treatment of idle time and overtime, and labour turnover. They will also gain knowledge of various wage payment methods and incentive schemes such as Halsey, Rowan, and Taylor’s Differential piece wage system. Mastery of Overhead Accounting and Absorption: Students will develop skills in the classification, allocation, apportionment, and absorption of overhead costs. They will also understand the concepts of under- and over-absorption and be introduced to advanced costing techniques like Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and Service Costing. Application of Job, Contract, and Process Costing: Students will acquire practical knowledge of different costing methods, including job costing, contract costing, and process costing, with an understanding of process losses, work-in-progress valuation, and accounting for joint and by-products. They will also be able to reconcile cost accounts with financial accounts.
10	E-Commerce BC 2.6	Understanding E-commerce Fundamentals: Students will develop a comprehensive understanding of e-commerce, including its meaning, types, advantages, disadvantages, and the key elements behind various business models, enabling them to analyze the forces driving online transactions. Proficiency in E-commerce Technology and Website Development: Students will gain knowledge of the technology used in e-commerce, from the dynamics of the internet and the World Wide Web to the systematic approach to designing, building, and launching e-commerce websites, helping them make informed decisions on hardware, software, and development strategies. Knowledge of E-commerce Security and Legal Framework: Students will understand the security threats in the e-commerce environment and learn about technology solutions such as encryption and secure communication channels. They will also gain familiarity with the IT Act 2000, including digital signatures and cybercrime laws. Mastery of E-payment Systems: Students will acquire in-depth knowledge of different e-payment models and methods such as debit/credit cards, smart cards, e-money, and digital signatures. They will also understand the functioning of payment gateways, online banking systems, and the risks associated with e-payments. Application of E-commerce in Various Industries: Students will explore the practical applications of e-commerce across industries like banking, insurance, online marketing, and entertainment. They will also learn to conduct online business transactions, including online shopping, auctions, and e-services, while understanding the benefits and challenges involved.
11	Human Resource Management BC 3.1(a)	Understanding Human Resource Management (HRM) Fundamentals: Students will gain a clear understanding of the concept, functions, and evolution of HRM, including the role and competencies of an HR manager, HR policies, and the emerging challenges such as workforce diversity and downsizing. Proficiency in Human Resource Acquisition: Students will learn the processes involved in human resource planning, job analysis, recruitment, selection, and induction, enabling them to effectively manage the acquisition of talent for organizations. Expertise in Training and Development: Students will develop the skills to identify training and development needs, design competency-based training programs, evaluate their effectiveness, and manage career and management development initiatives. Mastery of Performance Appraisal and Compensation: Students will understand modern techniques of performance appraisal, employee counselling, job changes, and compensation systems, including wage payments, incentive plans, and performance-linked compensation. Knowledge of Employee Welfare and Industrial Relations: Students will acquire knowledge of maintaining employee health, safety, and welfare, handling grievances, managing employer-employee relations, and understanding the causes and settlement mechanisms for industrial disputes.
12	Principles of Marketing BC 3.1 (b)	Understanding Marketing Fundamentals: Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the nature, scope, and importance of marketing, including the evolution of marketing, the distinction between selling and marketing, and the elements of the marketing mix and environment. Mastery of Consumer Behaviour and Market Segmentation: Students will learn the factors influencing consumer buying behaviour, the decision-making process, and the importance of market segmentation. They will also understand how to target markets, position products, and differentiate between product differentiation and segmentation. Proficiency in Product Strategy: Students will acquire knowledge about product concepts, classifications, branding, packaging, product life cycle, and new product development. They will also understand the consumer adoption process and the role of product-support services. Expertise in Pricing and Distribution Channels: Students will understand the significance of pricing, factors affecting pricing decisions, and various pricing policies. They will also learn about distribution channels, the role of middlemen, wholesaling, retailing, and the rise of e-tailing, as well as the factors influencing distribution channel choices. Awareness of Promotion Strategies and Recent Marketing Trends: Students will gain insight into the various promotional tools such as advertising, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotions. Additionally, they will learn about the promotion mix and its influencing factors while exploring recent developments in marketing such as social marketing, online marketing, green marketing, and rural marketing.
13	Fundamentals of Financial Management BC 3.1 (c)	Foundation in Financial Management: Students will develop a strong grasp of financial management fundamentals, including the nature, scope, and objectives of financial management, as well as concepts such as the time value of money, risk-return relationships, and the valuation of securities like bonds and equities. Skills in Investment Decision Analysis: Students will acquire the ability to evaluate investment opportunities using various capital budgeting techniques, including Payback Period, NPV, IRR, and Profitability Index. They will also learn to account for risk in capital budgeting through methods like the Certainty Equivalent Approach and Risk-Adjusted Discount Rate. Competence in Financing Decisions: Students will understand the calculation and application of cost of capital for equity, debt, and other financing sources. They will also learn about capital structure theories, the impact of leverage, and the determinants of optimal capital structure. Understanding Dividend Policies: Students will explore different theories regarding the relevance and irrelevance of dividend decisions in corporate valuation. They will also understand practical aspects of dividend policies, including the distribution of cash and stock dividends. Expertise in Working Capital Management: Students will gain practical knowledge in managing working capital, including short-term financing sources and strategies for optimizing cash, receivables, inventory, and payables management to balance risk and return effectively.
14	Corporate Governance and Auditing BC 3.2 (a)	Comprehensive Understanding of Corporate Governance: Students will gain insights into the evolution and regulatory framework of corporate governance in India, including SEBI guidelines, the Companies Act reforms, and the differences between corporate management and governance. They will also study major corporate scandals, common governance issues, and codes like Clause 49. Proficiency in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Students will understand the principles of CSR, including corporate philanthropy, sustainability, and business ethics. They will explore CSR requirements under the Companies Act 2013, the roles of CSR committees, and various CSR models and standards, along with the concept of green governance. In-depth Knowledge of Business Ethics: Students will explore the concept, significance, and principles of business ethics, including various ethical theories and their application in different functional areas such as finance, HRM, marketing, and environmental management. They will also learn about codes of ethics and the role of ethics committees. Fundamentals of Auditing: Students will acquire foundational knowledge of auditing, including its objectives, basic principles, techniques, and classifications. They will learn audit planning, internal controls, and audit procedures like vouching and verification of assets and liabilities. Expertise in Company and Special Area Audits: Students will understand the auditing process for limited companies, including auditor qualifications, appointment, rotation, removal, and rights. They will also gain knowledge of special audits such as cost, tax, and management audits, and familiarize themselves with auditing standards and auditor liabilities under the Companies Act 2013.
15	GST BC 3.2 (b)	Comprehensive Understanding of GST in India: Students will develop a thorough understanding of GST's background, including the transition from direct and indirect taxes, the features and need for GST, its constitutional framework, and the benefits it offers. They will also explore the genesis of GST and its framework as introduced in India. Expertise in Supply Under GST: Students will gain proficiency in the concept and scope of supply under GST, including the definitions and applications of composite and mixed supplies as outlined in Section 7 and Section 8 of the CGST Act. Knowledge of GST Levy and Collection: Students will understand the levy and collection mechanisms of CGST and IGST, including provisions related to composition levy, interstate and intrastate supplies, and the applicable sections of the CGST and IGST Acts. Skills in Time and Value of Supply: Students will learn how to determine the time of supply for both goods and services, as well as how to value supplies according to Section 15 of the CGST Act and the relevant valuation rules. Proficiency in Input Tax Credit, Registration, and Compliance: Students will gain insights into the eligibility and conditions for claiming input tax credit, the process of GST registration including amendments and cancellations, and the requirements for issuing tax invoices, filing returns, and making tax payments.
16	Entrepreneurship BC 3.3	Understanding Entrepreneurship and Creative Behaviour: Students will gain a deep understanding of the meaning, elements, determinants, and importance of entrepreneurship and creative behaviour. Insight into Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): Students will learn about the role of business groups, family businesses, and contemporary role models in Indian business. They will study the values, business philosophies, and behavioural orientations of these role models, as well as the conflicts in family businesses and strategies for their resolution. Knowledge of Entrepreneurship Support Systems: Students will understand the public and private systems that stimulate and support entrepreneurship. This includes knowledge of financing options, marketing assistance, technology access, industrial accommodation, and the roles of industries/entrepreneur associations, self-help groups, business incubators, angel investors, venture capital, and private equity funds. Skills in Business Idea Development and Feasibility: Students will acquire the skills to identify sources of business ideas and evaluate their feasibility. They will learn to write comprehensive business plans and project proposals, design business processes, and prepare project reports covering aspects such as investment size, product nature, and market potential. They will also understand the process of project submission, presentation, and appraisal by external agencies. Competence in Resource Mobilization and Contract Management: Students will learn how to mobilize resources for start-up ventures, manage accommodations and utilities, and handle preliminary contracts with vendors, suppliers, bankers, and principal customers. They will also gain insights into contract management and address basic start-up problems effectively.
17	Economy of Himachal Pradesh ECONA 313	• Resource Endowment and Economic Indicators of Himachal Pradesh: Students will develop an understanding of Himachal Pradesh's resource endowment, including its land, water, minerals, and forests. They will analyse demographic trends and the Human Development Index (HDI). They will also evaluate trends in state income, structural growth pre- and post-reforms, sources of state finances, and assess the targets and achievements of the state’s plans and current budget. • Agriculture and Horticultureof Himachal Pradesh: Students will gain insights into the role of agriculture and horticulture in the state’s domestic product. They will examine the cropping patterns, productivity, and yield of major crops, as well as agricultural marketing and finance. They will also explore issues related to marginalization, diversification, and critical government policies affecting agriculture and horticulture. Industrial and Power Sector Analysisof Himachal Pradesh: Students will explore trends in industrial growth, including the roles of large-scale and small-scale industries in Himachal Pradesh. They will study labour welfare measures, skill development programs, and trends in hydro power generation. Additionally, they will analyse environmental issues associated with industrialization and power projects in the state. Infrastructure and Social Servicesof Himachal Pradesh: Students will analyse the development of infrastructure in Himachal Pradesh, including transport (road, rail, and air), banking, housing, and social welfare programs. They will assess the state’s educational and health services and their impact on the overall economic development. Tourism and Economic Developmentof Himachal Pradesh: Students will evaluate the role of tourism in Himachal Pradesh’s economic development. They will assess how tourism influences the state’s economy, including its impact on infrastructure, local communities, and overall economic growth.
18	Corporate Tax Planning BC 3.5 (a)	• Understanding Tax Concepts and Corporate Taxation: Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of fundamental tax concepts, including tax planning, tax management, tax evasion, and tax avoidance. They will be able to distinguish between different types of companies, determine the residential status of companies, and analyze tax liabilities, including minimum alternate tax and tax on distributed profits. • Tax Planning for Business Setup and Financial Decisions: Students will learn to apply tax planning strategies to the setup of a new business, considering factors such as location, nature of the business, and organizational form. They will also explore tax planning in relation to financial management decisions, including capital structure, dividend policies, deemed dividends, and bonus shares. Tax Planning for Specific Scenarios: Students will develop skills in tax planning for various scenarios such as the sale of scientific research assets, management decisions like make-or-buy, own-or-lease, and repair-or-replace. They will also examine tax planning strategies related to employee remuneration and receipt of insurance compensation, as well as asset distribution during liquidation. Special Provisions for Non-Residents: Students will understand special tax provisions applicable to non-residents, including double taxation relief, transfer pricing regulations, advance rulings, and advance pricing agreements. They will learn how these provisions affect tax planning and compliance for international transactions. Tax Planning for Business Restructuring: Students will explore tax planning considerations for business restructuring activities, including amalgamation, demerger, slump sale, conversion of sole proprietorships or partnerships into companies, conversion of companies into LLPs, and asset transfers between holding and subsidiary companies. They will analyze the tax implications and strategies associated with these restructuring processes.
19	Banking and Insurance BC 3.5(b)	• Understanding Banking Fundamentals and Services: Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the origin and definition of banking, the banker-customer relationship, and the various types of deposits and customers. They will explore the historical growth of commercial banks in India, the financial services offered, the evolving role of banks, and the different types of banks. • Cheque Handling and Banker Responsibilities: Students will be able to explain the concepts of cheque crossing and endorsement, including their definitions, types, and rules. They will understand the duties of paying and collecting bankers, statutory protections for holders in due course, and the concept of negligence in banking transactions. Principles of Banking Lending: Students will learn about the principles of sound lending, the distinction between secured and unsecured advances, and the various types of advances provided by banks. They will also understand the criteria for advances against different types of securities. Internet and Electronic Banking: Students will be proficient in the concepts and benefits of various forms of electronic banking, including home banking, mobile banking, virtual banking, and e-payments. They will understand the use and functionality of ATM cards, biometric cards, debit/credit cards, smart cards, NEFT, RTGS, ECS, e-money, electronic purses, and digital cash. Insurance Principles and Practices: Students will acquire knowledge of the basic concepts of risk, types of business risk, and the assessment and transfer of risk. They will understand the principles of insurance, including utmost good faith, indemnity, and proximate cause, as well as types of insurance such as life and non-life. Students will also learn about reinsurance, the risk-return relationship, and the role and functions of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), including online insurance practices.
20	Management Accounting BC 3.5 (c)	Understanding Management Accounting Fundamentals: Students will comprehend the meaning, objectives, nature, and scope of management accounting. They will be able to distinguish between cost accounting and management accounting and understand concepts like cost control, cost reduction, and cost management. Financial Statement Analysis Proficiency: Students will be adept at analysing financial statements using common size statements, comparative statements, trend analysis, and ratio analysis. They will be able to interpret financial data to assess the financial health and performance of an organization. Application of Marginal Costing Techniques: Students will understand the principles of absorption versus variable costing, including income determination. They will be skilled in conducting cost-volume-profit analysis, break-even analysis (both algebraic and graphic), and evaluating key factors such as margin of safety and cost indifference points. Effective Decision Making: Students will be equipped to make informed short-term decisions using relevant costs and benefits. They will analyse various scenarios such as profitable product mix, special offers, make-or-buy decisions, product line decisions, and pricing strategies. They will understand the factors influencing pricing decisions and the various methods of pricing. Budgetary Control and Standard Costing Competence: Students will be proficient in budgeting and budgetary control, including the concepts, objectives, merits, and limitations of different budgeting methods such as fixed, flexible, zero base, and performance budgeting. They will also be skilled in standard costing and variance analysis, including the calculation and interpretation of variances related to material, labour, overheads, and sales, and understanding responsibility accounting and control ratios.
21	Computerized Accounting System BC 3.5 (d)	• Proficiency in Computerized Accounting System Design: Students will be able to design a computerized accounting system using a Database Management System (DBMS) package. They will develop skills in creating voucher entry forms, preparing ledgers, and generating trial balances using SQL, along with the ability to produce comprehensive reports. Effective Use of Generic Accounting Software: Students will gain hands-on experience with generic accounting software to manage tax-related tasks such as TDS and GST. They will learn to apply the software for various functions, including tax calculations, submissions, and compliance. Understanding of Auditing in a Computerized Environment: Students will understand the principles of auditing within a computerized accounting system. They will be familiar with statutory audits, voucher verification, and the verification of related party transactions. They will also learn about Computer-Assisted Audit Techniques (CAAT) and various auditing tools used in a digital context. Designing Accounting Support Systems: Students will be able to design and implement support systems for suppliers and customers, including the creation of forms, queries, modules, and reports. They will also design and develop payroll systems for accounting purposes, incorporating similar elements to support efficient management of payroll and related financial activities. Integration of Accounting Modules: Students will integrate various accounting modules into a cohesive system. They will be proficient in using forms, queries, modules, and reports to streamline and automate accounting processes, ensuring accuracy and efficiency in financial record-keeping and reporting.
22	International Business BC 3.6(a)	Understanding of International Business Concepts: Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of international business, including the importance and impact of globalization, the complexities of operating internationally compared to domestically, and various modes of entry into international markets. Knowledge of Theories and Policies: Students will be familiar with major theories of international trade (Classical Theories, Product Life Cycle Theory, Theory of National Competitive Advantage) and commercial policy instruments. They will understand the role of tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and the balance of payments in global trade. Awareness of International Organizations and Regional Economic Cooperation: Students will understand the objectives and functions of key international organizations such as the WTO, UNCTAD, and OPEC. They will also be knowledgeable about regional economic groupings and integration efforts, such as NAFTA, the EU, ASEAN, and SAARC. Skills in International Business Operations and Issues: Students will learn to design organizational structures for international business operations and negotiate effectively in international contexts. They will be able to analyze and address contemporary issues such as outsourcing, the role of IT in international business, and ecological considerations. Proficiency in Foreign Trade Promotion and Financing: Students will understand foreign trade promotion measures and financing options, including special economic zones (SEZs) and export-oriented units (EOUs). They will be equipped to manage various sources of trade finance, payment terms, and mechanisms such as letters of credit, documentary collections, and open accounts.
23	Office Management and Secretarial Practice BC 3.6(b)	Understanding of Office Functions and Management: Students will gain a clear understanding of the meaning and importance of office management, including the primary and administrative functions of an office, the role and duties of an office manager, and the essential qualities and qualifications required for effective office management. Proficiency in Filing and Indexing: Students will be proficient in filing and indexing practices, including the essentials of good filing systems, the differences between centralized and decentralized filing, various methods of classification, and the importance and types of indexing. They will also understand the processes for weeding old records and maintaining an efficient filing system. Competency in Mail Management and Form Handling: Students will be adept in managing mail and mailing procedures, including sorting, recording, and distributing inward and outward mail. They will also understand the significance of various office forms and stationery, including the design, control, and procurement of forms and stationery, as well as managing office supplies effectively. Knowledge of Modern Office Equipment and Budgeting: Students will be familiar with modern office equipment and automation tools, including personal computers, photocopiers, fax machines, and audio-visual aids. They will also understand the concepts of office budgeting, including annual, revised, and estimated budgets, and the process of auditing, including vouching, verification, and valuation. Skills in Banking Facilities and Secretary Roles: Students will understand various banking facilities, including types of accounts, the use of passbooks and cheque books, and handling various payment methods. They will also be knowledgeable about the role of a personal secretary, including their duties and responsibilities, qualifications, and the use of modern office communication technologies such as email, voice mail, video conferencing, and web-casting.
24	Fundamentals of Investment BC 3.6(c)	Comprehensive Understanding of Investment Environment: Students will develop a thorough understanding of the investment decision process and various types of investments, including commodities, real estate, and financial assets. They will be familiar with the Indian securities market, its participants, and the mechanisms of trading securities, as well as the impact of taxes and inflation on investment returns. Expertise in Fixed Income Securities: Students will gain knowledge about different bond features, types of bonds, and methods for estimating bond yields and valuing bonds. They will understand the various types of bond risks, including default risk, and the role of credit ratings in assessing these risks. Proficiency in Equity Analysis: Students will be adept at conducting fundamental and technical analysis of equities. They will be able to apply dividend capitalisation models and price-earnings multiple approaches for equity valuation, and understand the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Skills in Portfolio Analysis and Financial Derivatives: Students will be able to analyze and manage investment portfolios, understand the principles of diversification, and evaluate portfolio risk and return. They will also gain an introduction to financial derivatives and the derivatives markets in India, including the role of mutual funds. Awareness of Investor Protection Mechanisms: Students will understand the role of regulatory bodies such as SEBI and stock exchanges in protecting investors. They will be familiar with investor grievance redressal systems, insider trading regulations, and the importance of investor awareness and activism in the financial markets.
25	Consumer Protection BC 3.6(d)	• Understanding of Consumer and Market Dynamics: Students will gain an in-depth understanding of consumer concepts and market structures, including the impact of liberalization and globalization on Indian markets. They will be proficient in concepts related to pricing, MRP, GST, and legal metrology, and will understand the consumer buying process and complaint handling procedures. Knowledge of Consumer Protection Laws in India: Students will be well-versed in consumer rights, the objectives of the Consumer Protection Act, and relevant legal concepts such as defects in goods, unfair trade practices, and restrictive trade practices. They will understand the organizational setup under the Consumer Protection Act, including the roles of various consumer protection councils and adjudicatory bodies. Proficiency in Grievance Redressal Mechanisms: Students will be able to navigate the grievance redressal mechanisms under consumer protection laws, including the process for filing complaints, the grounds for filing, and the procedures for handling and disposing of complaints. They will be familiar with the relief and remedies available, as well as the enforcement of orders and handling of frivolous complaints. Awareness of Regulatory Bodies and Their Roles: Students will understand the roles of various regulatory bodies in consumer protection, such as the RBI and Banking Ombudsman for banking, IRDA and Insurance Ombudsman for insurance, TRAI for telecommunications, FSSAI for food products, and the Real Estate Regulatory Authority. They will appreciate how these regulators contribute to consumer protection in their respective sectors. Insight into Contemporary Issues and Consumer Movement: Students will be informed about the evolution of the consumer movement in India and the role of consumer organizations in protecting consumer rights. They will be aware of issues such as misleading advertisements, sustainable consumption, and energy ratings. Additionally, students will understand the importance of quality and standardization, including the roles of BIS, ISI, Ag-mark, and international standards like ISO.
26	Personal Selling and Salesmanship BC 3.7	• Understanding of Personal Selling Concepts: Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of personal selling, including its nature, importance, and the key differences between personal selling, salesmanship, and sales management. They will be able to identify the characteristics of an effective salesman, various selling situations, types of salespersons, and career opportunities in selling. Insight into Buying Motives: Students will understand the concept of buying motives and their significance in personal selling. They will be familiar with Maslow’s theory of need hierarchy and how it applies to consumer motivation, allowing them to effectively address and leverage buying motives in the selling process. Proficiency in the Selling Process: Students will be adept at the various stages of the selling process, including prospecting, qualifying leads, pre-approach, approach, presentation, handling objections, closing the sale, and post-sales activities. They will be able to apply these techniques to real-world selling scenarios. Ability to Prepare and Analyse Sales Reports: Students will be skilled in preparing and analysing various sales reports and documents, including sales manuals, order books, cash memos, tour diaries, and daily and periodical reports. They will also understand the ethical aspects of selling and how to maintain integrity in sales practices. Application of Selling Models and Techniques: Students will be able to apply the AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action) model of selling in practical situations. They will understand the relationship between personal selling and distribution networks, and how advertising and personal selling can complement each other to enhance sales performance.
27	Indian Economy ECONA 314	Comprehensive Understanding of Indian Economic History and Reforms: Students will gain a thorough understanding of the impact of colonization on the Indian economy, the state of the economy in 1991, and the features and appraisal of the Economic Reforms and Structural Adjustment Programme. They will be able to analyse the relevance of planning in the context of globalization and understand the objectives and functions of NITI Aayog. Analysis of Economic Problems: Students will be able to define and estimate poverty, understand poverty alleviation programs, and assess income and regional inequality, its causes, and corrective measures. They will be proficient in analysing unemployment concepts, types, causes, remedies, and the role of food security and public distribution systems, including direct cash transfer schemes. Evaluation of Agricultural Sector Dynamics: Students will evaluate the growth patterns of Indian agriculture since 1950, including land reforms and the Green Revolution. They will understand factors influencing agricultural development such as marginalization, labour, marketing, and finance, and critically assess issues in agricultural credit and subsidies. They will also analyse the impact of economic liberalization on agriculture and understand the New Agricultural Policy. Assessment of Industrial Development: Students will understand the role of industry in economic development, the pattern of industrialization, and the industrial development during the plan periods. They will be able to analyse the role, growth, and problems of cottage, small scale, and medium scale industries in India, and assess the impact of industrial policies and recent developments on the industrial sector. Application of Economic Theories to Contemporary Issues: Students will apply economic theories and concepts to contemporary issues in the Indian economy. They will be able to critically analyse the effectiveness of policies and programs, assess the impact of globalization, and understand the interplay between various economic sectors and policies in shaping India's economic landscape.